Wari-Bateshwar one of
earliest kingdoms
Suggests find of pre-Mauryan silver coins in the area
Emran Hossain, back from Narsingdi
http://www.thedailystar.net/story.php?nid=28431
The
discovery of silver punch-marked coins of the pre-Mauryan period
dating back to 600 BC to 400 BC in Wari-Bateshwar reveals that
the place was a Mahajanapada, one of the earliest kingdoms or
states in the Indian subcontinent.
The
silver coins and artefacts unearthed and collected so far and
geographical positioning of the place both are apparently leading
archaeologists to an astonishing discovery.
Wari-Bateshwar
could be a part of Gangaridae, which was described as a rich place
of trade in the estuary of the river Ganges in Greek and Latin
literature and was also mentioned by Ptolemy, Virgil, Strabo,
Deodorus, Kartius and Plutarch, archaeologists claim.
The
punch-marked coins are of two series Janapada, a coin series
used during pre-Mauryan period dating back to 600 BC to 400 BC
when 16 Mahajanapadas were flourished in the Indian subcontinent,
and Imperial, another series used during Mauryan period dating
back to 400 BC to 200 BC.
"The
coins unearthed in Wari-Bateshwar were of imperial and Janapada
series. On the basis of the silver punch-marked coins it can be
said that it was a Mahajanapada," said Prof Sufi Mustafizur
Rahman.
"This
means it was the earliest state in Bangladesh and in the Indian
subcontinent as well," the archaeologist added.
"Geographical
importance and findings of Wari-Bateshwar interestingly match
the description and identity given in Greek and Latin literature
about Gangaridae and indicates that Wari-Bateshwar was a part
of it," he added.
Prof
Dilip Kumar Chakrabarti, noted Indian archaeologist and faculty
member of Cambridge University, in an essay published on the Archaeological
Heritage by Asiatic Society said: "If Wari-Bateshwar is considered
as a main and fortified city, it can be considered that it was
the capital or main centre of an ancient Janapada."
"But
the main problem is to determine the name of the Janapada,"
he added.
A
study on 150 coins, unearthed and collected from Wari-Bateshwar
and its adjoining areas, by the excavation group led by Prof Sufi
Mustafizur Rahman of the Department of Archaeology at Jahangirnagar
University (JU) found existence of both Janapada and imperial
series coins. This indicates the earliest money-based economy
contemporary to the subcontinent and the world as well.
Back
in 1942, following discovery of some coins on the bank of the
Arialkha, a place seven kilometres south off Wari-Bateshwar, Nalini
Kanto Bhattyashali, founder curator of Bangladesh National Museum,
said those were of Mauryan and pre-Mauryan period and shown the
early nature of the settlement.
It
was thought earlier that use of coins was not existed in Bangla
before 300 BC. Earlier, silver punch-marked coins of only Imperial
series were found in Mahasthangarh.
The
discovery of coins provides substantial and significant information
about a well-established urban civilisation as part of the second
urbanisation on the context of Indian subcontinent.
The
existence of coins found in Wari-Bateshwar also suggests trade,
banking system and administration besides bearing sociocultural
and sociopolitical condition prevalent at that time, archaeologists
explain.
Study
also reveals that punch-mark found on the faces of the silver-coins
of Wari-Bateshwar is distinctive in symbols, shapes and forms
that reveal that the Mahajanapada was a distinctive one in addition
to the 16 Mahajanapadas so far unearthed in the subcontinent by
archaeologists and described in Jain and Buddhist literature.
Earlier,
another Janapada was found in Pundranagarh in Bangladesh.
Archaeologists
who say Wari-Bateshwar might be a part of Gangaridae explain that
the wide range of areas through which the Ganges downstream flowed
is known as the Ganges delta.
Though
Wari-Bateshwar is nearer to the old Brahmaputra river the area
is geographically known as the Ganges delta in a wider sense,
they add.
The
discovery of Rouletted Ware (RW), Knobbed Ware, sandwich glass
bids and other artefacts indicates that the place had relations
and trade with the Mediterranean and Southeast Asian countries,
the archaeologists describe.
Moreover,
according to the statement of Ptolemy all the estuaries in the
river Ganges are in the states owned by people called Gangaridae.
Archaeologists,
however, say till now it couldn't be confirmed specifically which
place in the subcontinent was Gangaridae. It is widely believed
that south part of the West Bengal was occupied by Gangaridae.
They
also add that radiocarbon date of the charcoal samples tested
by the Netherlands' Centrum Voor Isotopen Onderzoek has confirmed
that there were habitation and industry in the area in 500 BC.
Prof
BN Mukherjee of Calcutta University earlier in the book Banga,
Bangla and Bharat said the present West Bengal and North 24 Parganas,
Hugly, Haora and Medinipur, some parts of Bardhaman and till the
mouth of the Padma (the adjoining point of the Padma, Brahmaputra
and Meghna) in present Bangladesh was on the border of the ancient
country named Ganga or Banga. He said the seaside areas of Bangladesh
were occupied by Gangaridae.
The
coins of Wari-Bateshwar weigh from 1.7gm to 1.9gm. The symbols
found punched on the faces of the coins include boat, sun and
fish. The silver coins are found usually in round and square shapes.
COINS
LOST IN NEGLIGENCE
Though the silver punch-marked coins were first discovered in
1933 in Wari-Bateshwar and reported to National Museum authorities
immediately, the government did not take any initiative to conduct
research or protect those.
As
a result, a huge number of coins were lost, destroyed or used
by individuals till the year 2000. In many cases discovery of
coins remained unreported as individuals sold those secretly or
made ornaments out of the silver coins.
Hanif
Pathan, father of local researcher and teacher Habibullah Pathan,
collected 20/30 coins for the first time in 1933 after labourers
unearthed a hoard containing punch-marked coins while digging
earth.
The
father and son wrote several essays on different newspapers in
an attempt to attract the attention of the government and archaeologists
in vain.
The
largest hoard of coins was found in 1956 in the area. A man named
Janru found around 4,000 silver punch-marked coins weighing over
nine kilograms in a terracotta hoard. The man sold the coins at
Tk 720.
"At
least 99 percent of the coins unearthed so far from 10 points
since 1933 have been lost," said Habibullah Pathan.
"The
coins prove that the place was a rich trade centre," he added.
The
latest terracotta coin hoard was discovered in 2004 by the excavation
team led by Prof Sufi Mustafizur Rahman and handed over to the
Department of Archaeology.
"The
hoard unearthed during excavation is the only piece of hoard in
the country that was unearthed in its complete shape and unimpaired.
People never saw even a broken hoard of coins in the country,"
said Sufi Mustafizur Rahman.
The
excavation that digs into the ancient archaeological site now
awaits cancellation due to severe fund crisis.
The
excavators earlier managed funds from different private organisations
but this year they have failed to manage any and fear cancellation
of the work anytime.