Expert
on the agamas
Suganthy Krishnamachari, Published: February 4,
2011 00:00 IST | Updated: February 4, 2011 04:03 IST, The Hindu
scholar Dr. Prabhakar Apte talks about his work, its significance
and his interest in temple architecture. Suganthy Krishnamachari
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S anskrit scholar Dr. Prabhakar Apte, whom this writer meets
in Tirupati, is an authority on the Pancharatra agamas, and his
first paper on the subject was presented before the Kanchi Paramacharya.
Apte's translations of Sattvata Samhita' and Poushkara
Samhita,' have been published by the Academy of Sanskrit Research,
Melkote, and by the Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha, Tirupati,
respectively.
Warming up to his subject, Apte says that available evidence
suggests a long history of a group of Vedic people who were
devoted to Vishnu as the Supreme God. The dharma propagated
by Ramanujacharya is spoken of as a liberal tradition open to
all, in the Bhishma Parva of Mahabharata.' In the Mahabharata,'
we come across cognate terms such as Ekantin and Ekantidharma.
Ekantidharma of Mahabharata' traces a tradition which focuseson
Vishnu. Ekantin, Sattvata and Bhagavata were terms used for devotees
of Vishnu. Sattvata vidhi, which was significantly a path
of idol worship, and the Ekantidharma, which was perhaps a path
of meditation for yogins, later on influenced the Pancharatra,
says Apte. Gradually, as the agama dharma gained currency, the
nigama dharma, that is the performance of yagnas, took a back
seat.
Of Kashmiri origin
Apte says that even before the time of Yamunacharya, the Pancharatra
agama must have come to South India. Yamunacharya refers to the
Kashmiri origin of the tradition. A Kashmiri commentator called
Utpala, refers to the Pancharatra tradition. Originally a Saivite,
Utpala calls himself a Vaishnavite, highlighting an example of
conversion to Vaishnavism. A Kashmiri version of a line from the
Bhagavad Gita' has the words sattvata dharma gopta,'
substituting the word sattvata' for sasvata,' which
is what is found in the version prevalent elsewhere in India.
Philologist Otto Schrader, Director of the Adyar library, found
a reference to snow in the Jayakhya Samhita,' and so he
too concluded that the Pancharatra agama was of Kashmiri origin.
The wide acceptability of sattvata dharma is seen through a Prakrit
inscription (150 B.C.) in Brahmi characters on a pillar, which
says the pillar (Garuda Dvaja) was erected by Heliodorus, a Greek,
in honour of Lord Vasudeva. Heliodorus is described as a Bhagavata,
indicating that he was a devotee of Vishnu. This affords
one of the earliest examples of conversion to Vaishnavism,
says Apte. However, to Ramanuja goes the credit of spreading
this sattvata dharma.
Among the Pancharatra samhitas, the Sattvata,' Poushkara'
and Jayakhya' are described as Ratna Traya - the three gems.
They date from the 2nd to the 5th century A.D.
In the Paadma,' which is a commentary on the classical
samhita Jayakhya,' the Kriya' section talks of art
and architecture. Apte's interest in temple architecture was kindled
by Yadugiri Yatiraja Sampathkumara Ramanuja Jeer of Melkote, who
had a huge collection of works on the Agamas. A Marathi engineer
studied these and wrote Architecture in the Agamas,' a book
that is now being published by the Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha.
The swami, whose knowledge was encyclopaedic, would take
me to the temples and explain their architectural features. He
showed me the pillars before the Thayar sannidhi in Melkote. Each
pillar is of a different pattern. Perhaps, the stapathi had made
these as specimens, so that later on sculptors could choose a
design from among them.
As Apte read more of the Agamas, his respect for the Viswakarma
tradition increased. Modern engineers must be banned from
building temples, he says. He also adds that till the 18th
century, the Viswakarmas were involved in secular architecture
too. To ignore their abundance of knowledge is to ignore a great
tradition.
Interest in traditional architecture and ancient science led
Apte to King Bhoja's (10th century A.D.) Samarangana Sutradhara,'
which he has translated into English. In the Yantra
Adhyaya', Bhoja talks of hydraulics, mechanics and even aeronautics.
Bhoja built the largest artificial lake in Asia - the Bhopal lake,
and this is an example of sustainable technology. An old rhyme
in Hindi says Taal to taal Bhopal taal, aur sab hain talayyen-'
only the Bhopal lake is a lake; all other lakes are mere ponds.
Apte has the rare distinction of being made an Honorary Member
of the Association of Architects and Engineers, and he has given
lectures in the Motilal Nehru Regional College of Engineering,
Allahabad, the Military College of Engineering, Pune, and ISRO,
Bangalore.
He is disheartened by the lack of awareness about these old texts.
During World War I, Otto Schrader was imprisoned, because he was
a German. While in the Ahmednagar jail, Schrader wrote his Introduction
to Pancharatra.' Most people know that Nehru's Discovery
of India' was written in the Ahmednagar jail, but how many know
that Schrader's work was also written in the same jail?
asks Apte. Prasanna Kumar Acharya, whose work in seven volumes
on Hindu architecture was published by the Oxford University Press
did not get any honours.
Doesn't too much intellectual engagement with ancient texts dent
one's faith? Yes. That is why our Professor K.C. Varadachari
said to us once, I am old. The time for intellectual discussion
is past. I want to move to the higher spiritual plane of faith.'
So at some point logic must stop, yielding place to faith.
But since Apte is still in the process of translating and analysing
the Pancharatra samhitas, can one assume that he is still in the
stage of intellectual involvement, and not in the stage of unquestioning
faith? Apte laughs and says, Someone has to do all this
work. We must pass on our traditions for posterity.
When the priest of the Ahobilam temple told Apte that he consulted
Apte's books, Apte felt vindicated. When his translation of the
Sattvata Samhita' had got as far as the 15th chapter, a
Polish student doing her Ph.D on Narasimha worship, came to Apte
for help on the 17th chapter. Apte raced against time to complete
the translation, and also that of a 200-year-old commentary on
the Sattvata Samhita' by Azhagiya Singa Bhattar, an archaka
of Melkote.
Eleven volumes of the Vaikhanasa Agama' have been edited
by Dr. Lakshmi Narayana Bhatta and Dr. Hayavadana Puranik, at
the Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha, and Apte has written the gist
in English for each of the volumes. But sadly, the Agama kosa
project suffers from a paucity of funds.
Apte has taken to heart the words of his mentor Dr. B.R. Sharma,
an authority on the Sama Veda.' Sharma used to say that
a researcher should think of himself as ajara (without old age)
and amara (without death). And indeed when Apte, who is in his
late seventies, walks, there is a youthful spring in his step.
Apte says that there have been science-oriented Sanskrit scholars
in the past, such as Alkondavalli Govindacharya, an engineer in
Mysore, who built the Nanjangud bridge. But Govindacharya was
also a Sanskrit scholar, and he wrote the first article in French
on the Pancharatra Agamas.' The article, Etude du
Pancharatra,' was published in 1870. The need of the hour
is for such Sanskrit-oriented scientists and technocrats, and
science-oriented Sanskrit scholars, to study the intellectual
treasures that this land has produced, Apte emphasises.
To ignore the Viswakarmas' abundance of knowledge is to ignore
a great tradition.
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