Language
rhythms in baby hand movements
Hearing
babies born to deaf parents babble silently with their hands.
The vocal
babbling sounds universally uttered by healthy babies at around
7 months of age are fascinating, and have been interpreted
as reflecting both the origins of language production in humans1
and the vestiges of the evolutionary origins of language in
our species2.
Here we study the hand movements of hearing babies born to
profoundly deaf parents and find that these children produce
a class of hand activity that is distinct from other uses
of their hands and which contains the specific rhythmic patterns
of natural language ('silent' babbling). Our findings support
the idea that babies are sensitive to rhythmic language patterns
and that this sensitivity is key to launching the process
of language acquisition.
The biological
basis of babbling has been debated for decades. One possibility
is that babbling, as in modern accounts of the origins of
human language, is a purely non-linguistic motor activity
that results from the opening and closing of the mouth and
jaw3-6.
Alternatively, babbling could be a linguistic activity that
reflects babies' sensitivity to specific patterns at the heart
of human language and their capacity to use them7-9
— particularly the rhythmic patterns that bind syllables,
the elementary units of language, into baby babbles, and then
into words and sentences.
To test
the motor and linguistic hypotheses, we studied three hearing
babies who received no systematic exposure to spoken language
and who instead saw only signed language from their profoundly
deaf parents, and three hearing babies who were exposed to
spoken language. We previously compared the capacity of hearing
and deaf babies to babble in another study, in which group
differences may have resulted from the babies' different sensory
experiences10.
The two
hearing baby groups were equal in all developmental respects,
with the only difference being in the form of language input
they received (by hand or mouth). Because hearing babies exposed
to sign language do not use their mouth and jaw to learn speech,
the motor hypothesis predicts that their hand activity should
be fundamentally similar to that of hearing babies acquiring
spoken language. If, however, babies are born with sensitivity
to specific rhythmic patterns that are universal to all languages,
even signed ones, then the linguistic hypothesis predicts
that differences in the form of language input should yield
differences in the hand activities of the two groups.
We recorded
all babies' hand activity in three dimensions using Optotrak,
an optoelectronic position-tracking system. The hand activity
was carried out during presentation with objects and during
game-playing in 60-min experimental sessions conducted when
the babies were aged about 6, 10 and 12 months. Optotrak sensors
accurately measure the trajectory and location over time of
light-emitting diodes on the babies' hands with a 0.1-mm precision.
Optotrak computations were carried out blind to videotape
recordings of the positions of the babies' hands, which on
their own are a subjective way to analyse hand movements11.
Online videotapes were made of all babies independently for
post-Optotrak analysis.
Optotrak
analyses revealed that sign-exposed babies showed a significantly
different type of low-frequency rhythmic hand activity from
speech-exposed babies, as well as another type of high-frequency
rhythmic hand activity that speech-exposed babies also showed
and used almost exclusively (Fig.
1).
Figure
1 Hand-movement frequencies calculated for the rhythmic
hand activity of sign-exposed (full line) and speech-exposed
(dashed line) babies across all ages; for each group,
400 movement segments (200 per group) were randomly selected.
Full legend
High
resolution image and legend (42k)
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The low-frequency
hand activity of sign-exposed babies was mainly generated
within a tightly restricted space (Fig.
2), corresponding to the obligatory 'sign-phonetic' space
in front of a signer's body that binds all linguistic expression
in signed languages (82%); high-frequency hand activity was
mainly outside this space (73%). Speech-exposed babies produced
most of their high-frequency hand activity outside the crucial
linguistic space (92%). Quantitatively, the low-frequency
hand activity corresponds to the rhythmic patterning of adult
sign-syllables12.
We also discovered, after lifting the blind on videotape recordings,
that only these low-frequency movements had the qualitative
properties of silent linguistic hand babbling10.
Figure
2 Learning language: a class of hand movements made
by babies with profoundly deaf parents have a slower rhythm
than ordinary gestures and are restricted to space in
front of the body. Full legend
High
resolution image and legend (57k)
|
Remarkably,
and without relying on the mouth, this silent linguistic babbling
was conveyed by babies' hands in a different class of movement
from non-linguistic hand activity. These linguistic and motor
movements are differentiated by their distinct rhythmic frequencies,
which could only result if babies are able to use the specific
rhythmic patterns that underlie human language.
LAURA ANN PETITTO*†,
SIOBHAN HOLOWKA*, LAUREN E. SERGIO‡ &
DAVID OSTRY*§
* Department of Psychology, McGill University,
Montréal, Québec H3A-1B1, Canada
‡ Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, York
University, Toronto, Ontario M3J-1P3, Canada
§ Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, Connecticut 06511-6695,
USA
† Present address: Departments of Psychological &
Brain Sciences and Education, Dartmouth College, 302 Silsby
Hall, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
e-mail:
laura-ann.petitto@dartmouth.edu
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